In view of the high-frequency signal, mechanical characteristics, electrical performance and environmental changes affecting the performance of cables and connectors, developers need a complete test certification program and professional laboratory assistance and consultation to ensure products. Meet the quality conditions and perfectly display the functional requirements. In this certification technical article, Allion experts will give an in-depth introduction to the different aspects of USB certification, and for different interfaces such as SAS 4.0, PCIe latest specification interface OCuLink, and fiber optic cable AOC (AcTIve OpTIcal Cable). The product is simple and easy to explain its characteristics. In addition, we will also provide some basic introductions to the instruments and test contents required for Electrical Test, Mechanical Test, and Environmental Test.
USB 2.0 & 3.0 Certification Test IntroductionAccording to the USB Association (USB-IF) specification, the USB 2.0 test process is divided into eight test categories. According to the different product properties of the cable and the connector, the electrical, mechanical, and environmental changes are carefully tested. Electrical tests, mechanical tests, and environmental tests each contain many different subtests. As a result, products under test will accept tests ranging from tens of hours to hundreds of hours. For system operators, USB 2.0 connectors accept hundreds of hours of environmental testing, including temperature life tests, mixed gas corrosion tests, thermal shock tests, and humidity tests. As for the USB 2.0 cable (Cable assembly), the overall test time will be relatively short because no environmental part testing is required.
USB 3.0, also known as Super Speed ​​USB, can support up to 5Gbps at a maximum speed, so there are more test items. As for the USB 3.0 cable, the environmental test is not required, so the certification test time is relatively short. In the certification specification, not all cables with connectors on both ends can be called USB cables. The USB Association has strict regulations on this. Only the connector style developed by the USB Association can be regarded as a USB connection. Device. Only the cable category approved by the USB Association can be sent to the test for certification and Test ID (TID). However, if the manufacturer's products are outside the standard specifications, Allion's customized service team will also assist the customer to discuss with the association and strive to obtain the company's permission for product certification.
According to the association's regulations, if any category of measurement fails, all the items in this category will be retested. This not only has the pressure on shipping time and money, but also how to find the crux of the problem. . Therefore, having a trusted verification test partner is a very important thing.
New Cable Overview USB 3.1USB 3.1, known as the next generation of USB 3.0, has a transfer speed of up to 10 Gbps and is backward compatible with 2.0 and 3.0. Because of its high speed relationship, four grounding springs are added to the front and back sides of the connector shell to suppress EMI and RFI problems. Table 1 compares the specifications of USB 3.0 and 3.1 cables.
From Table 1, you can see that there are obvious differences between the USB 3.1 bare cable and the USB 3.0 bare cable in the CharacterisTIc Impedance Test and the Insertion Loss Test. Not only in the cable part, USB 3.1 related cable accessories, and connector test specifications are more rigorous.
USB Type CIn view of the fact that Apple's Lightning technology can be used on both sides, the USB Association is also developing Type C, which is close in size to USB 2.0 Micro B, and is also planning to provide high watt power delivery. The Type C Receptacle is available in Full Featured and USB 2.0. It is a single-sided 12-pin, double-sided 24-pin design in Full Featured. Version 2.0 removes the Super speed pairs and supports both front and back connections. In the Type C plug section, there is only the Full Featured version, which distinguishes Full Featured & 2.0 by different bare wires. In addition, Type C is considered as the charging interface for future handheld devices. It is expected that by 2016, the opportunity for Apple to use the Type C interface, which is now using the Lightning interface, will greatly increase. In particular, the EU officially announced that it will unify the charging interface of mobile phones. With its help, it will increase the popularity of Type C. At the same time, the relevant manufacturers should also note that although the association does not have any certification requirements and specifications for the adapter, but for the Type C and USB 3.1 standard Type A adapter, Type C and USB 2.0 Micro B adapter, the USB Association is bound to follow It will be mandatory to pass the certification.
Figure 1: Type C to USB 2.0 Micro B adapter on the left; Type C to USB 3.1 Standard A adapter on the right
SAS 4.0At this stage, SAS supports 12Gb/s, and it is expected to become 24Gb/s by 2016. The existing interface will be revised and there will be a new design. Because of the increased bandwidth, the differential pair will increase, from the original four pairs to eight pairs. In addition to the change in high frequency characteristics, the original mechanical characteristics and environmental characteristics will be the same as SAS 3.0. The association expects to officially announce detailed specifications by 2016.
OCuLinkAfter the association has defined the specifications of OCuLink, it is expected that OCuLink can support 8Gb/s of PCIe Gen 3 and 16Gb/s of PCIe Gen 4, and can support both fiber version and copper version, and can be used for internal and external purposes. The association hopes that PCIe SSDs will connect to Controller Cards and systems through OCuLink when they are working internally.
Active Optical Cable (AOC)The AOC, known as the next-generation cable/connector, is thinner than copper because its fiber properties can overcome the length limitations of copper. AOC does not affect its performance due to the increase in cable length. For example, a 200-meter HDMI fiber-optic cable and a 1-meter HDMI fiber-optic cable are still the same. The cost of the fiber is higher than that of the copper wire, but it is not expensive in the cable itself, but the optoelectronic components and ICs at both ends.
Table 2: Comparison of transmission lengths between five different high-speed interface copper and fiber cables
From the Eye Diagram analysis in Table 3 below, it can be seen that the copper wire will have signal transmission failure with the increase of the cable length; while the fiber cable is not 20m or 100m, its performance is not Will be affected. However, even if the fiber-optic cable can support long-meter applications, the association is optimistic that the future trend will replace the long-term copper cable external use, but because the fiber is not technically compatible with the bending and scratching inside the system. The configuration is such that it is not widely used on the internal line, so the copper cable will not be completely replaced, and will be on the market together with it.
Table 3: Eye diagram comparison of copper cable and fiber cable
Cable and connector verification conceptOn the cable and connector quality verification test, our professional test team recommended five key projects:
Electrical Test (High Frequency Test)
Mechanical Test
Environmental Test Environmental Test
Certification and Compatibility Testing Compliance Test Service
Scenario Test Service
We take environmental testing as an example: the performance, stability and overall quality of a product may be affected by many environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, height, mechanical shock and vibration, etc., for many manufacturers, to master The true performance and tolerance of the product in different situations is a very difficult problem. Therefore, manufacturers need professional laboratories and equipment to fully reproduce the various conditions that these products may encounter in the real world, and point out the risk of the problem.
Among the above five key test projects, the “situation simulation test†is a hybrid test that is integrated with the other three projects. The real environment is always complex and cruel. In order to ensure that the manufacturer's product quality is close to the real world, we have designed some situational tests to simulate real environmental conditions and conduct electrical, mechanical and environmental tests. As shown in Figure 2, the cars going up the mountain and the sea will be exposed to different extreme environments than the general consumer electronics. Therefore, the cables inside the car need to accept a series of: temperature, humidity, height, vibration, machinery. Impacts and other more rigorous tests can be faithfully presented in the context of different use situations, whether the quality of the product can maintain performance, so as to avoid future product problems will have higher recycling costs and customer complaints.
Figure 2: Situational Simulation Test - Simulating the use of a car in a real situation
Different cables and connectors have different characteristics and require complete high-end test instruments and environments, such as terminal strength tester, cable swing tester, oscillation tester, X-ray tester, solderability tester, and temperature change shock. Test machines, pressure testers, steam aging and salt spray testers can improve test efficiency and fully verify product quality.
Table 4: List of test instruments used in cables and connectors
Allion's Cable and Connector Professional Test Center is the USB Assemblage and Connector Labs officially licensed by the USB Association (USB-IF). It provides USB 2.0 and USB 3.0, 3.1. The specification version of the cable and connector complete conformance certification test, Allion is also the HDMI cable-approved HDMI cable-specific testing laboratory. In addition to certification testing, it also provides high-frequency signals, mechanical characteristics, electrical performance, and environmental changes for cables and connectors of various technical specifications such as HDMI connectors, as well as DisplayPort, MHL, and SATA. Precision testing and verification.
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