1 The architecture and operation mode of the electronic toll collection system
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The basic principle of the electronic toll collection system is to exchange information between the special device (onboard unit) installed on the vehicle and the antenna installed on the toll port through wireless signals, and according to the charge-related data stored in the special device, it can be calculated immediately. And the toll is imposed. The fee is levied without cash, and an electronic money type system (such as an IC card) is used. A complete electronic toll collection system consists of multiple subsystems and equipment such as identification and communication.
The general process of running the entire electronic toll collection system is: first, the user goes to the distribution and installation department, applies for installing the on-board unit, prepays the toll or sets up an after-payment account, and the corresponding information is stored in the on-board unit, and then the vehicle can go the same way. Travel. Upon entering the toll booth, the vehicle passes the electronic toll lane at the specified speed limit. The identification subsystem identifies the type to which the vehicle belongs. Report control unit. The communication subsystem communicates with the on-board unit through the antenna in two-way communication, and the charging operation is completed simultaneously in the communication process. The specific steps of the charging operation include determining the charging amount according to the charging rules according to the vehicle type, checking the balance, the account information, and notifying the other party of the result. If everything is correct (the remaining amount is sufficient or the account number is valid), the charging operation (overwriting balance, billing, etc.) is normally ended. Otherwise (the remaining balance is insufficient or the account number is invalid, etc.), the control unit will take measures to activate the mandatory subsystem, block the vehicle or record its license plate number, etc., to ensure that the toll will eventually be levied without loss. For each charging operation, the control unit will submit the relevant information of the charging to the tolling station computer, and the tolling station computer processes the information separately according to different categories. The normal charging information can be accumulated and summarized, and the corresponding income report is generated and submitted to the management authority (central management system). At the same time, the charge data for the after-the-fact payment method will be transmitted (or immediately) to the central processing system to generate a transfer list to request payment from the financial institution. Information that is not normally charged will be immediately passed to the central processing system to ensure uniform and timely processing. In addition to receiving the information transmitted by the lower level, the central processing system also sends relevant information to the lower level, such as charging rules and account "blacklist". In the system, financial institutions are responsible for providing financial services, including managing accounts for post-payment and charging accounts, handling various transfer and clearing transactions, and participating in the issuance and distribution of on-board units. At the same time, it also provides certain information to the system, such as the "blacklist" of bad credit accounts, business settlement results, and so on.
2 Advantages of the electronic toll collection system
Compared with the current manual charging and semi-automatic charging systems, the electronic toll collection system has the following advantages:
(1) Greatly improved the efficiency of the charging work, and at the same time eliminated the phenomenon of corruption, cheating, and arbitrary charges at work. The use of electronic toll collection system to achieve full automation of the charging work, coupled with electronic payment based on electronic money, allows the charging operation to be carried out at an extremely fast speed between the machine and the machine, avoiding the past The cumbersome interaction between people. As a result, the time taken for the charging operation is shortened to a few seconds or even less than a few ten seconds, several tens of seconds, or even longer in the original manual mode, and the charging efficiency is remarkably improved. At the same time, due to the use of electronic money to pay road tolls, the toll collectors no longer directly contact cash, which fundamentally cut off the phenomenon of corruption and cheating in the fees, completely eliminating this unhealthy trend. Charges by the machine also reduce the influence of human factors in the charging process, the charging standards can be more strictly enforced, and the phenomenon of arbitrary charging can be effectively curbed. Therefore, the use of electronic toll collection system can promote the recovery of funds and ensure the normal income of the road.
(2) The electronic toll collection system also greatly facilitates the driver and passengers, reducing unnecessary consumption and pollution. After adopting the electronic toll collection system, the non-stop operation of the road and bridge toll collection is realized, which greatly facilitates the occupants on the vehicle. According to the statistics of the current semi-automatic toll collection system, the traditional semi-automatic toll collection system must be charged and interacted with people, and the average time per vehicle takes 14 seconds. After using electronic charging technology, when each vehicle is 40km/h The speed of driving through the toll gate takes only 3 seconds. In fact, if it is not for safety reasons, the passing speed of the vehicle can be higher (the theoretical vehicle passing speed can reach 200km/h or more). From the user's point of view, the way electronic charging is more popular. Due to the need to pay for parking, the waiting time at the peak of the toll station will be greatly alleviated or even disappeared. For the vehicle, this means that it is no longer necessary to start and brake frequently, and unnecessary fuel consumption and loss of parts and tires will be reduced. In addition, the exhaust gas emitted by the vehicle can be reduced because it does not have to wait for an idle speed, which is very beneficial to the protection of the environment.
(3) Reduced traffic jams and congestion on the road. Modern highways are increasingly developing at a high speed, and the speed of vehicles on the road generally reaches 80km/h or more. However, in the charge, if the levy is still carried out in the traditional manual way, the vehicle has to stop, which is in sharp contrast with the high speed on the road, artificially creating a bottleneck, restricting the highway to its maximum benefit. After adopting the electronic toll collection system, the vehicle only needs to be slightly decelerated without having to stop after passing through the toll booth. The traffic capacity of the toll gate is greatly enhanced, generally reaching several times when the manual charging is performed, and the bottleneck restriction effect will be significantly weakened. At the same time, after using the electronic toll collection system, the fee management work is more flexible, and the road management department can dynamically adjust the charging standards according to different time periods to achieve the purpose of controlling traffic flow and dispersing peaks. All of this has significantly contributed to the improvement of the overall capacity of the road and its network.
(4) Improve traffic efficiency. The improvement of road capacity means that the same road can pass more vehicles in a certain period of time, each vehicle takes less time to pass, and the transportation efficiency of the road and even the entire transportation system is significantly improved.
3 Problems that should be paid attention to when implementing ETC system in our province
(1) Determination of the payment method in the electronic toll collection system
In the electronic toll collection system, there are two types of payment methods to choose from. One type is the prepayment method. The user pays a certain amount of toll in advance. This amount is saved in some way. Whenever the charging operation is performed, the corresponding amount is deducted and the balance is saved. When the balance is insufficient, the user can add a new prepayment. This is like some of the current stored value cards. The other type is the after-the-fact payment method. The user applies for an account. Whenever the charging operation is performed, the account is used for accounting, and then the payment is settled regularly or irregularly, just like the daily payment of the telephone fee. These two types of payment methods are also called e-wallets, that is, the card has a prepayment amount or its account number (prepaid or bookkeeping). The payment method in the electronic toll collection system determines the processing flow of each link in the ETC system.
(2) Onboard unit
The on-board unit is an important part of the ETC. It records two kinds of information: one is the user information: the ID value of the car, the information of the model, the amount of the prepayment or its account number; the second is the charging information: the information of the entrance, the amount of the charge , time, place, etc. The information structure of the onboard unit determines the practicality and compatibility of the ETC charging system.
(3) Storage area of ​​electronic wallet
The information contained in the e-wallet can be stored in the internal memory of the car unit or in an external storage device. The external storage device here refers mainly to an integrated circuit (IC card) and its reader/writer. The storage area of ​​the e-wallet determines the scope of application of the e-wallet and the applicability of the ETC system.
The electronic wallet is issued using external storage. In doing so, it has the following advantages:
1 convenient for users. For users of the electronic toll collection system using the prepaid method, if the balance information is stored in the internal memory, when the balance is insufficient and needs to be renewed, it cannot be completed immediately, and must be through a special service organization (issuing installation unit or financial institution). Row. The IC card is used to store the prepaid amount, which can be produced and published in large quantities according to a certain denomination. The user can prepare a number of sheets in advance, and the amount of one sheet is insufficient, and the new one is immediately replaced.
2 It can realize the multi-use of one-card of stored value card to meet the needs of users and the future development trend. The stored value IC card can not only be used for the payment of the electronic toll collection system, but also can be used to pay for other expenses during the driving process, such as fueling, service area consumption, etc., and even can be used in non-traffic areas, such as making a call. One card line. This not only satisfies the needs of users for convenience and convenience, but also meets the trend of electronic and integrated development of future social and economic activities. of course. There are also deficiencies in using external storage devices, for example, it tends to be better than internal memory in terms of response time and operation. However, the use of external storage devices is an inevitable trend in the future, and it is also a focus of current research in various countries.
3 can reduce the dependence on financial institutions. If the electronic wallet is recorded in the on-board unit, the financial institution is required to provide financial services, including participation in the issuance and delivery of the on-board unit. At the same time, it must provide certain information to the system, such as the "blacklist" of bad credit accounts, business settlement results, and so on. The external storage method of the electronic wallet enables the simulation of the electronic network wall and the test data of the vehicle unit to verify the BP network prediction model.
The result of denormalization, ie T ' = T ' × Tmax.
The simulation prediction results are shown in Table 1. The simulation prediction results in the table are as shown in Table 1. The BP neural network prediction model is used to predict the four parameters of AC-20V ​​asphalt mixture Marshall specimens VV, VA, VMA and VFA. The maximum error is less than 2%, and the prediction result is satisfactory, indicating that the prediction model has the ability to solve practical problems.
4 Conclusion
According to the technical index of Marshall test, the prediction model is established by BP artificial neural network technology, and the improved BP algorithm is applied. The three-layer BP neural network model was trained by a large number of Marshall test data, and the prediction results were tested. The results show that the theoretical analysis and the actual experiment have good correlation and extension, and the prediction effect Better, can greatly reduce the workload of researching such problems. The predictive model can also be applied to predict the stability and flow values ​​of Marshall test pieces.
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